Description: Circulation magnitude (m/s) summarized for spring 2006-2012 for the offshore. Model data from the Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory.
The NOAA Great Lakes Coastal Forecast System (GLCFS) uses near-real-time atmospheric observations and numerical weather prediction forecast guidance to produce 3-D Nowcasts and forecasts of water temperature and currents, and 2-D Nowcasts and forecasts of water levels of the Great Lakes. This system was originally called the Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting system (GLCFS) from NOAA’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL). A thorough description of the history, operation, and validation of GLCFS can be found in Chu et al. 2011 (full reference below). Data was obtained from NOAA-GLERL for years 2006-2012 in NetCDF format. The data was processed using Python 2.7 and the netCDF4 module downloaded from (http://code.google.com/p/netcdf4-python/). The data was converted from NetCDF to .csv for each time step and sigma level. The data was then averaged into actual depth bins from the sigma layers, and then temporally averaged for each horizontal grid cell. The final averaged layer was saved in ASCII format and imported into ArcGIS for Desktop 10.1 ArcGRID File Geodatabase format. Circulation magnitude (m/s) summary found in this layer is depth averaged across all sigma levels, and temporally averaged for the spring or summer seasons, where spring is defined as April 1 - May 31 and summer is July 1 - August 31. The orignal data varies in resolution (~2km to ~10km) by lake and temporally, all circulation data was attributed to the 1800m GLAHF grid.
Service Item Id: 9e71d004079e4475b492c6157c521776
Copyright Text: 1) Chu, P. Y., J. G. W. Kelley, G. V. Mott, A. Zhang, and G. A. Lang. 2011. Development, implementation, and skill assessment of the NOAA/NOS Great Lakes Operational Forecast System. Ocean Dynamics 61(9):1305-1316 (DOI:10.1007/s10236-011-0424-5) (available at http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2011/20110016.pdf). 2) The Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Framework (GLAHF) project has been funded by the Great Lakes Fishery Trust and led by Dr. Catherine Riseng, PI at the University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment, with partners from Michigan Department of Natural Resources-Institute for Fisheries Research, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, International Joint Commission, Michigan State University, The Nature Conservancy, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, University of Minnesota-Duluth, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey and many collaborating partners in both the USA and Canada. More information about this project can be found at https://www.glahf.org/.
Description: Upwelling occurs when strong surface winds push warm surface water away from the coastline, which is replaced by cold, nutrient rich water that wells up from deeper areas below. This variable was calculated following the methods described in Plattner et. al., 2006 and calculatedfrom NOAA Great Lakes CoastWatch daily mean surface water temperature for the upwelling season from 2006-2012. Units are in days. The annual upwelling index (# of days) was derived from the NOAA CoastWatch Great Lakes Surface Environmental Analysis (GLSEA) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) product. Using methods described in Plattner et al. (2006) and Wegscheider (2006) the upwelling was derived on a daily basis, betwee ordinal days 140 and 339, and creating a binary layer depict upwelling (1) or no upwelling (0). The daily upwelling layers were manually reviewed and any days at the beginning of the time frame that showed mid-lake spring warming were removed, as well as any ice cover near the end of the time frame. The last step was to add together all the days for a given lake and year to create an annual upwelling index.
Service Item Id: 9e71d004079e4475b492c6157c521776
Copyright Text: 1) Plattner, S., Mason, D.M., Leshkevich, G.A., Schwab, D.J, Rutherford, E.S., 2006. Classifying and Forecasting Coastal Upwellings in Lake Michigan Using Satellite Derived Temperature Images and Buoy Data. J. of Great Lakes Res. 32, 63-76. 2) Wegscheider, S., 2006. Investigation of coastal upwelling events in Lakes Michigan, Huron, Superior, and Ontario. Internal report from the summer fellowship program, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI. 3) The Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Framework (GLAHF) project has been funded by the Great Lakes Fishery Trust and led by Dr. Catherine Riseng, PI at the University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment, with partners from Michigan Department of Natural Resources-Institute for Fisheries Research, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, International Joint Commission, Michigan State University, The Nature Conservancy, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, University of Minnesota-Duluth, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey and many collaborating partners in both the USA and Canada. More information about this project can be found at http://glahf.org/.
Description: Maximum spring wave height for the years 2006-2012 summarized from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wave Information Studies modeled data. The stations locations where models by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACEs) Wave Information Studies (WIS) have computed wave action. These stations are related to the tables wave stats table for annual, monthly, and seasonal statistics. Where WNDSPD_Mean is mean windspeed in meters / second; HMO_mean is mean wave height in meters; HMO_var is wave height coefficient of variation; HMO_Max is maximum wave height in meters; and TM_Mean is mean wave period in seconds.
WIS uses proven numerical wave hindcast models with the best available input wind fields to produce output wave parameters and wave spectra for stations near the US coast, the Great Lakes and territories for periods of 20 years or more. Hindcast results are verified through comparison to all available measured data. New techniques of spectral comparisons have been developed to determine the accuracy of hindcasted directional wave spectra. WIS is utilizing a multi-grid third generation (3G) wave hindcast model for the Pacific regional hindcast. This model can handle multiple grid resolutions in a single run and allows energy to propagate in and out of each of the grid boundaries. It uses parallel computing techniques for efficient computations and a spectral partitioning technique developed at ERDC. Data is calculated at an hourly time step for the years 1979-2012. The Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Framework (GLAHF) project computed summary statistics for annually, monthly, and seasonal mean windspeed (meters / second); mean, maximum and coefficient of variation of wave height (meters); and mean wave period (seconds). More information can be found at http://wis.usace.army.mil/.
Service Item Id: 9e71d004079e4475b492c6157c521776
Copyright Text: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, ERDC; Oceanweather, Inc.; NOAA’s National Center for Environmental Prediction & Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory; The Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Framework (GLAHF) project has been funded by the Great Lakes Fishery Trust and led by Dr. Catherine Riseng, PI at the University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment, with partners from Michigan Department of Natural Resources-Institute for Fisheries Research, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, International Joint Commission, Michigan State University, The Nature Conservancy, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, University of Minnesota-Duluth, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey and many collaborating partners in both the USA and Canada. More information about this project can be found at http://glahf.org/.
Description: Mean spring wave height for the years 2006-2012 summarized from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wave Information Studies modeled data. The stations locations where models by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACEs) Wave Information Studies (WIS) have computed wave action. These stations are related to the tables wave stats table for annual, monthly, and seasonal statistics. Where WNDSPD_Mean is mean windspeed in meters / second; HMO_mean is mean wave height in meters; HMO_var is wave height coefficient of variation; HMO_Max is maximum wave height in meters; and TM_Mean is mean wave period in seconds.
WIS uses proven numerical wave hindcast models with the best available input wind fields to produce output wave parameters and wave spectra for stations near the US coast, the Great Lakes and territories for periods of 20 years or more. Hindcast results are verified through comparison to all available measured data. New techniques of spectral comparisons have been developed to determine the accuracy of hindcasted directional wave spectra. WIS is utilizing a multi-grid third generation (3G) wave hindcast model for the Pacific regional hindcast. This model can handle multiple grid resolutions in a single run and allows energy to propagate in and out of each of the grid boundaries. It uses parallel computing techniques for efficient computations and a spectral partitioning technique developed at ERDC. Data is calculated at an hourly time step for the years 1979-2012. The Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Framework (GLAHF) project computed summary statistics for annually, monthly, and seasonal mean windspeed (meters / second); mean, maximum and coefficient of variation of wave height (meters); and mean wave period (seconds). More information can be found at http://wis.usace.army.mil/.
Service Item Id: 9e71d004079e4475b492c6157c521776
Copyright Text: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, ERDC; Oceanweather, Inc.; NOAA’s National Center for Environmental Prediction & Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory; The Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Framework (GLAHF) project has been funded by the Great Lakes Fishery Trust and led by Dr. Catherine Riseng, PI at the University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment, with partners from Michigan Department of Natural Resources-Institute for Fisheries Research, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, International Joint Commission, Michigan State University, The Nature Conservancy, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, University of Minnesota-Duluth, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey and many collaborating partners in both the USA and Canada. More information about this project can be found at http://glahf.org/.