Name: Upwelling (days / year)

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Description: Upwelling occurs when strong surface winds push warm surface water away from the coastline, which is replaced by cold, nutrient rich water that wells up from deeper areas below. This variable was calculated following the methods described in Plattner et. al., 2006 and calculatedfrom NOAA Great Lakes CoastWatch daily mean surface water temperature for the upwelling season from 2006-2012. Units are in days. The annual upwelling index (# of days) was derived from the NOAA CoastWatch Great Lakes Surface Environmental Analysis (GLSEA) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) product. Using methods described in Plattner et al. (2006) and Wegscheider (2006) the upwelling was derived on a daily basis, betwee ordinal days 140 and 339, and creating a binary layer depict upwelling (1) or no upwelling (0). The daily upwelling layers were manually reviewed and any days at the beginning of the time frame that showed mid-lake spring warming were removed, as well as any ice cover near the end of the time frame. The last step was to add together all the days for a given lake and year to create an annual upwelling index.

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Copyright Text: 1) Plattner, S., Mason, D.M., Leshkevich, G.A., Schwab, D.J, Rutherford, E.S., 2006. Classifying and Forecasting Coastal Upwellings in Lake Michigan Using Satellite Derived Temperature Images and Buoy Data. J. of Great Lakes Res. 32, 63-76. 2) Wegscheider, S., 2006. Investigation of coastal upwelling events in Lakes Michigan, Huron, Superior, and Ontario. Internal report from the summer fellowship program, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI. 3) The Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Framework (GLAHF) project has been funded by the Great Lakes Fishery Trust and led by Dr. Catherine Riseng, PI at the University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment, with partners from Michigan Department of Natural Resources-Institute for Fisheries Research, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, International Joint Commission, Michigan State University, The Nature Conservancy, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, University of Minnesota-Duluth, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey and many collaborating partners in both the USA and Canada. More information about this project can be found at http://glahf.org/.

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